Tumor Marker

A ca tumour marker is a chemical substance that reflects the presence of a
Tumor. It is present in malignant tumour cells, not in normal adult tissues,
and substances abnormally produced by malignant tumour cells or by the host's
response to tumour stimulation created it.

Their presence or quantitative changes can indicate the nature of the tumour to
understand the histogenesis, cell differentiation, and cell function of the
tumour.

Detection of tumour markers has the following functions:

Early detection of tumour;

Tumour census and screening;

Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and staging of tumours;

Monitoring the efficacy of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy for tumour
patients;

Indicators of tumour recurrence;

Prognosis of tumour;

Looking for the primary foci of metastases of unknown origin.

Tumor Antigens
Tumor antigens generally refer to new or overexpressed antigenic substances
during the occurrence and development of tumors.

The possible mechanisms for the body to produce tumor antigens are: 1) gene
mutation; 2) the activation of genes that were not expressed initially during
the process of cell carcinogenesis; 3) abnormalities in some aspects of the
antigen synthesis process (such as abnormal glycosylation leading to the
production of unique protein degradation products) ); abnormal and ectopic
expression of antigens or differentiation antigens during embryonic stage; ⑤
overexpression of specific gene products, significantly signal transduction
molecules; ⑥ expression of exogenous genes (such as viral genes).
Cancer Antigen
According to the specificity of cancer antigens, cancer antigens are divided
into (1) Tumor-specific antigens (2) Tumor-associated antigens.

Tumor-specific antigen (TSA) is a neoantigen-specific to tumor cells or exists
only in specific but not in normal cells.

Tumor-associated antigen (TAA) refers to antigens peculiar to non-tumor cells
and exist in normal cells and other tissues. Still, their content is
significantly increased when cells become cancerous.

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