Iron & Steel

1.6523 Steel Grade Equivalent Chart Country USA Germany/UK/France JAPAN ISO Standard ASTM A29 / A29M-05 EN 10263/4-2001 JIS G4053-2008 ISO 683/18-1996 Grades 4340 41NiCrMo7-3-2, 1.6511 SNCM439 36CrNiMo4 4340 Steel Chemical Composition Stand C (%) Mn (%) P (%) S (%) Si (%) Cr (%) Mo (%) Ni (%) ASTM A29 / A29M-05 0.38-0.43 0.60-0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.040 0.15- 0.35 0.70-0.90 0.20-0.30 1.65-2.00 EN 10263/4-2001 0.38-0.44 0.60-0.90 ≤0.025 ≤0.025 ≤0.30 0.70- 0.90 0.15-0.30 1.65-2.00 JIS G4053-2008 0.36-0.43 0.60-0.90 ≤0.030 ≤0.030 0.15-0.35 0.60-1.00 0.15-0.30 1.60-2.00 ISO 683/18-1996 0.32-0.40 0.50-0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.10-0.40 0.90-1.20 0.15-0.30 0.90-1.20 1.6511 Steel Physical Properties Properties Metric Imperial Density 7.85 g/cm³ 0.284 lb/in³ Melting Point 1427°C 2600°F 4340 Steel Mechanical Properties Properties Metric Imperial Tensile strength ＞980 MPa 142140 psi Yield strength ＞835 MPa 121110 psi Elongation at break ＞12% ＞12% Reduction of area ＞55% ＞55% Hardness ≤269HB ≤269HB chemical composition: C:0.37-0.44 Si:0.17-0.37 S:≤0.035 P:≤0.035 Mn: 0.50-0.80 Cr: 0.60-0.90 Mo: 0.15-0.25 Ni: 1.25-1.65 Heat treatment specification: Quenching at 850℃, oil cooling; tempering at 600℃, water cooling, oil cooling Brinell hardness GBW of annealed or high-temperature tempered steel is less than or equal to 269; Songshun specialized in Special Steel for almost 20 years. We can supply mold steel, high speed steel, alloy steel, free cutting steel and etc.Welcome your contact 24 hours a day!!! E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype , /Whatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 Songshun Tiktok:mikizhuo Songshun Facebook:Songshun Steel Songshun YouTube:MiKi Zhuo Songshun Company Website:https://steelpurchase.com/ http://www.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel , 41404340

Minimum Order: 2 barrels

4340 steel is nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy steel. It will get high strength after the heat treat. And it has good toughness, fatigue resistance, impact toughness and etc. Its equivalent grade is JIS SNCM439 and DIN 1.6563. The properties and composition of 4340 steel round bar sheet plate as below. It is an alloy structural grade which used by the SAE International(SAE), and it is chrome-nickel low alloy steel. 4340 steel round bar sheet plate will get high tensile strength, hardness and toughness after heat treatment. It is used widely in the transmission components of heavy chemical machinery. Different sections of each part of the casting which cause the temperature difference stress and phase transformation stress. If you can’t get their laws and characteristics, you can’t take the right rational processes. The consequence is that there is a risk of cracking the casting during the casting or heat treatment. So the control of chemical composition and the choice of the heat treatment process for the casting are really important. Describe: 4340 belongs to the American standard high-strength alloy structural steel, which is made of high-quality carbon structural steel by appropriately adding one or more alloying elements (the total content does not exceed 5%). Corresponding steel number: China GB steel number 40CrNiMoA, German DIN steel number 36CrNiMo4, German DIN material number 1.6511, French NF standard 40NCD3, Japanese JIS standard SNCM439, British BS standard 816M40, American AISI/ASTM4340, American UNS standard G43400 What we do? We specialized in steel as a professional special steel supplier, and also can give you technical advice and support for your business base on our professional technical knowledge. Because of our great and reliable quality and professional service in this field, our market is all around the world. Including Canada, Australia, Brazil, Turkey, Malaysia, Vietnam, Iran, Pakistan, UK and etc. At Songshun, we believe: You Get What You Pay for. Internationally, while someone seems to be lost in the desire to Chinese steel, others take an opposite attitude. Under the trend of economic globalization, we believe that high-quality steel is definitely not at a low price. As long as you can communicate with us with your heart, we will do our best to give you the best results. We see that as an opportunity: We’re excited to cooperate with customers from all around the world to change the impression for Chinese steel of other people. Songshun specialized in Special Steel for almost 20 years. We can supply mold steel, high speed steel, alloy steel, free cutting steel and etc.Welcome your contact 24 hours a day!!! E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype , /Whatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 Songshun Tiktok:mikizhuo Songshun Facebook:Songshun Steel Songshun YouTube:MiKi Zhuo Songshun Company Website:https://steelpurchase.com/ http://www.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel , 41404340

Minimum Order: 1 bags

AISI 4140 Chemical Composition C 0.38-0.45% Cr 0.90-1.20% Si 0.17-0.37% Mo 0.15-0.25% Mn 0.50-0.80% Ni ≤0.30% P ≤0.035% S ≤0.035% SAE 4140 Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength σb (MPa):≥1080(110) Yield Strength σS (MPa):≥930(95) Elongation δ5 (%):≥12 Reduction ψ (%):≥45  Impact Energy Akv (J):≥63 Impact Toughness akv (J/cm2):≥78(8) Annealed Hardness ≤217HB 4140 Product Details Describe 4140 steel belongs to medium hardenability steel, which has the advantages of high yield, good comprehensive mechanical properties, good strength, good toughness and high hardenability. Its carbon content is 0.33%-0.48%, its tensile strength is 795 MPa, and its hardness is It is 241HB Advantage After heat treatment, 4140 has good strength and good comprehensive mechanical properties, and has good manufacturability. It can be used to make steam turbine fasteners, salvage tools, etc. Feature This steel has good strength, good toughness, high hardenability, good workability, small processing deformation, quite good fatigue resistance, small deformation during quenching, high creep strength and durable strength at high temperature and so on. Application It is used to manufacture forgings that require higher strength and larger quenched and tempered section than 35CrMo steel, such as large gears for locomotive traction, supercharger transmission gears, rear axles, connecting rods and spring clips that are heavily loaded, and can also be used for Drill pipe joints and fishing tools for oil wells below 2000m, and can be used for molds of bending machines, etc. Our advantage Focus on the steel industry for more than ten years Strength factory Professional service Quality assurance Customized according to customer requirements Factory price Fast shipping time Good after-sales service Happy to work with customers High repurchase rate, etc. Please request a quote. Contact us: MiKi Zhuo E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype/W , hatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 ADD:No.4 Dongda Street, Shatou, Changan Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, P.R.C China For more 4140 steel product information, please click this link: https://steelpurchase.com/4140-scm440-172 , 25-steel/ Songshun Company Website:https://steelpurchase.com/ http://www.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel , 41404340

Minimum Order: 2 barrels

AISI 4140 Steel Characteristics 1.It is low alloy steel with chromium, molybdenum, and manganese. 2.Great toughness, fatigue strength, abrasion and impact resistance. 3.It is widely be used in the industry due to its excellent versatility and usefulness. 4.The higher carbon content in it, the higher the strength and heat treatment capabilities it is. 5.It can be oil hardened to relatively high hardenability. ASTM 4140 Steel Application 4140 steel is medium hardenability steel with good strength and good comprehensive mechanical properties after heat treatment. It has good manufacturability. The maximum temperature of use is 427 °C. It can be used to make turbine fastener, tool bodies, forming dies, brake dies and etc. And it also as the material of Oil deep well drill pipe joints and fishing tools below 2000m. 4140 Steel Round Bar Sheet Plate Heat Treatment Machinability At the annealed condition, 1.7225 alloy tool steel has good machinability. Forming DIN 1.7225 steel has high ductility. It can be formed using conventional techniques in the annealed condition. It is required more pressure or force for forming because it is tougher than plain carbon steels. Welding 1.7225 alloy steel can be welded using all advanced techniques. But, the mechanical properties of it will be affected if it is welded in the heat treated condition, and post weld heat treatment should be performed. Heat Treatment 1.7225 tool steel is heated at 845°C(1550°F) followed by quenching in oil. Before hardening, it can be normalized by heating at 913°C (1675°F) for a long period of time followed by air cooling. Forging It is forged at 926 to 1205°C(1700 to 2200°F) Hot Working 4140 steel can be hot worked at 816 to 1038°C(1500 to 1900°F) Cold Working 1.7225 steel can be cold worked using conventional methods in the annealed condition. Annealing Heat it to 800℃ – 850℃, hold until temperature is uniform throughout the section and cool in furnace. Normalizing Heat 1.7225 alloy steel to 870℃ – 900℃, hold it until the temperature is uniform throughout the section, soak for 10 – 15 minutes and cool in still air. Tempering DIN 1.7225 steel can be tempered at 205 to 649°C (400 to 1200°F) depending upon the desired hardness level. The hardness of the steel can be increased if it has lower tempering temperature. For example, tensile strength of 225 ksi cab be achieved by tempering at 316°C (600°F), and tensile strength of 130 ksi can be achieved by tempering at 538°C (1000°F). Hardening DIN 1.7225 alloy steel can be hardened by cold working, or heating and quenching. Test How is SAE 4140 steel tested? Our AISI 4140 steel round bar and steel plate composition detection is carried out by a spectrometer, which is fast, accurate and efficient in detection; hardness is tested by a hardness tester, The hardness tester is based on the Leeb hardness measurement principle, which can easily and quickly measure a variety of metal materials. While displaying the hardness measurement value immediately, it can be freely converted between different hardness scales, and the tolerance limit can be set in advance, and it will automatically alarm when it exceeds the range. 1. Measuring range: (170-960)HLD,(17-68.5)HRC,(19-651)HB,(80-976)HV,(3 , 0-100)HS, (59-85)HRA(13-100 )HRB 2. Measurement direction: support 360° (vertical down, oblique down, horizontal, oblique up, vertical up) 3. Hardness scale: Richter (HL), Brinell (HB), Rockwell B (HRB), Rockwell C (HRC), Rockwell A (HRA), Vickers (HV), Shore (HS) 4. Display: quarter dot matrix LCD 5. Data storage: maximum 500 groups (impact times 32 to 1) 6. Working voltage: 3V (2 AA size alkaline batteries connected in series) 7. Continuous working time: about 100 hours (when the backlight is not turned on) Songshun specialized in Special Steel for almost 20 years. We can supply mold steel, high speed steel, alloy steel, free cutting steel and etc.Welcome your contact 24 hours a day!!! E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype , /Whatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 Songshun Tiktok:mikizhuo Songshun Facebook:Songshun Steel Songshun YouTube:MiKi Zhuo Songshun Company Website:https://steelpurchase.com/ http://www.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel , 41404340

Minimum Order: 1 bags

4140 Steel Grade Equivalent Chart Country USA Germany/UK/France JAPAN Standard ASTM A29 / A29M-05 EN 10083/3-2006 JIS G4053-2008 Grades 4140 42CrMo4(1.7225) SCM440 4140 Steel Chemical Composition Grade C (%) Si (%) Mn(%) P (%) S (%) Cr (%) Mo (%) 4140 0.38-0.45 0.17-0.37 0.50-0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.90- 1.20 0.15-0.25 4140 Steel Physical Properties Properties Metric Imperial Density 7.85 g/cm³ 0.284 lb/in³ Melting point 1416°C 2580°F 1.7225 Steel Mechanical Properties Mechanical Properties Metric Imperial Tensile strength 655 MPa 95000 psi Yield strength 415 MPa 60200 psi Bulk modulus(typical for steel) 140 GPa 20300 ksi Shear modulus(typical for steel) 80 GPa 11600 ksi Elastic modulus 190-210 GPa 27557-30458 ksi Poisson’s ratio 0.27-0.30 0.27-0.30 Elongation at break(in 50 mm) 25.70% 25.70% Hardness, Brinell 197 197 Hardness, Knoop(converted from Brinell hardness) 219 219 Hardness, Rockwell B(converted from Brinell hardness) 92 92 Hardness, Rockwell C(converted from Brinell hardness. Value below normal HRC range, for comparison purposes only) 13 13 Hardness, Vickers(converted from Brinell hardness) 207 207 Machinability(based on AISI 1212 as 100 machinability) 65 65 What we do? We specialized in steel as a professional special steel supplier, and also can give you technical advice and support for your business base on our professional technical knowledge. Because of our great and reliable quality and professional service in this field, our market is all around the world. Including Canada, Australia, Brazil, Turkey, Malaysia, Vietnam, Iran, Pakistan, UK and etc. At Songshun, we believe: You Get What You Pay for. Internationally, while someone seems to be lost in the desire to Chinese steel, others take an opposite attitude. Under the trend of economic globalization, we believe that high-quality steel is definitely not at a low price. As long as you can communicate with us with your heart, we will do our best to give you the best results. We see that as an opportunity: We’re excited to cooperate with customers from all around the world to change the impression for Chinese steel of other people. Songshun specialized in Special Steel for almost 20 years. We can supply mold steel, high speed steel, alloy steel, free cutting steel and etc.Welcome your contact 24 hours a day!!! E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype , /Whatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 Songshun Tiktok:mikizhuo Songshun Facebook:Songshun Steel Songshun YouTube:MiKi Zhuo Songshun Company Website:https://steelpurchase.com/ http://www.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel , 41404340

Minimum Order: 1 bags

4140 Steel Product Information Steel Grade: 4140 Alloy steel Standard: AISI/ASTM/DIN/NF/JIS/GB/BS Place of Origin:Guangdong, China Brand Name:Songshun Model Number:4140/1.7225/42CrMo Technique:Hot Rolled Application:Die Steel Bar Special Use:Mold Steel Tolerance:±10% Shape:Round bars/Flat bar/Plate Delivery Time:8-14 days Heat treatment:Annealing/Q+T Processing Service:Bending, Welding, Decoiling, Cutting, Punching Technology:Hot Rolled/Forged/Clod Drawn Surface treatment:Black/Peeling/Polishing/Machined Deli , very condition:Hot rolled or forged/ Peeled or black surface/annealed or QT Test:UT100%/Elements testing Certificate:ISO/Mill certificate Service:Sample free and 24 hours online Experience:Ten years manufacturer experience Company Strength After more than ten years of development and growth, Songshun Iron and Steel has become a comprehensive special steel production enterprise, inventory enterprise and export enterprise. With an experienced export team and professional technical knowledge, Songshun Steel provides customers with technical advice and support, as well as global professional steel solutions and services. With satisfactory and reliable quality and professional services, the company's markets are all over the world, such as Colombia, Chile, Spain, Turkey, Iran, Vietnam, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, etc. Welcome To Get a Quote MiKi Zhuo E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype/W , hatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 ADD:No.4 Dongda Street, Shatou, Changan Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, P.R.C China For more 4140 steel product information, please click this link: https://steelpurchase.com/4140-scm440-172 , 25-steel/ Company website: https://steelpurchase.com/ http://w , ww.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel41404340

Minimum Order: 2 barrels

What is AISI 4140 Steel? AISI 4140 alloy steel round bar sheet plate belongs to medium hardenability steel.AISI 4140 steel has high fatigue strength and low notch sensitivity. Low- temperature impact toughness is also very high, no obvious temper brittleness. AISI 4140 steel round bar is mainly used after quenching and tempering state. it is used to manufacture high-strength parts under impact loads and the fittings with large cross-sections and other stressed members. Such as the horizontal eccentric shaft of the horizontal forging machine, the crankshaft of the forging press, and etc. Its equivalent grade is JIS SCM440 and DIN 1.7225. The properties and composition of 4140 steel round bar sheet plate as below. AVAILABLE SIZE: Round bar: Diameter(mm) Max 800mm; Length(mm) Max 12000mm. Plate: Thickness(mm) Max 800mm; Width(mm) Max 2300mm; Length(mm) Max 12000mm. Condition: Cold rolled(drawn)≤50mm, Hot rolled≤12-250mm, Hot forged≥50mm. AISI 4140/DIN 1.7225 Introduction: AISI 4140 alloy steel is chromium, molybdenum, manganese containing low alloy steel. It has high fatigue strength, abrasion and impact resistance, toughness, and torsional strength. Fabrication and Heat Treatment: 1. Forging Preheat the steel carefully, then raise the temperature to 1150-1200°C for forging. Do not forge below 850°C. 2. Annealing Heat the AISI 4140 slowly to 800-850°C and allow enough time for the steel to be thoroughly heated. Cool slowly in the furnace to 480°C followed by air cooling. 3. Stress Relieving When parts are heavily machined, ground or otherwise subject to cold work, stress relieving will be beneficial prior to hardening. 4. Hardening AISI 4140 steel is usually supplied ready heat treated to 18-22HRC. If further heat treatment is required annealed AISI 4140 should be heated slowly to 840- 875°C and after adequate soaking at this temperature quench in oil. Temper as soon as the tools reach room temperature. 5. Tempering Heat the AISI 4140 carefully to a suitable temperature selected by reference to a tempering chart or table (usually between 550-700°C, soak at the temperature for 2 hours per 25mm of ruling section, then allow to cool in air. Tempering between 250-375°C is not advised as tempering within this range will seriously reduce the impact value. 6. Surface Treatment Plate: Origin Black, Orign cold rolled bright, Machined, Grinded Bar: Origin Black, Orign cold rolled(drawn) bright, Turned, Peeled, Grinded Songshun specialized in Special Steel for almost 20 years. We can supply mold steel, high speed steel, alloy steel, free cutting steel and etc.Welcome your contact 24 hours a day!!! E-mail:jacklu@songshunsteel.com Skype , /Whatsapp/Wechat:+86-18269260283 Songshun Tiktok:mikizhuo Songshun Facebook:Songshun Steel Songshun YouTube:MiKi Zhuo Songshun Company Website:https://steelpurchase.com/ http://www.songshunsteel.com/ songshunsteel , 41404340

Minimum Order: 1 bags

Dense Wire Description Small coiled wire, small coiled iron wire Small coiled wire densely arranged wire Finely arranged wire Name: Gardening paint wire, garden craft wire, wooden stick wire, small coil wire, small coil wire Name: gardening paint wire, garden craft wire, wooden stick wire, small coil wire, small coil wire Features: The inner iron core is not easy to peel off paint, flame retardant, beautiful, flat folded 180 degrees, no paint peeling, no fading and environmental protection. Product Specifications: 0.3mm-4mm Product color: grass green, dark green, white, blue, red, etc. Packing: plastic bag, reel, burlap bag, small wooden stick, small box, carton, etc. Uses: used in food packaging bags, refrigerated fresh-keeping bags, garbage bags and other packaging bags, and also used in the production of high-quality gifts and handicrafts. Wire bundles, etc.

Plunged wire: Plunged wire can be called plied binding wire, Twisted Wire, which is made of high-quality environmentally friendly low-carbon steel wire after being drawn and annealed by advanced and rigorous equipment, and then integrated and twisted by professional processing machines. The ply strands are mainly divided into 2 strands, 3 strands, 4 strands, 5 strands, 6 strands, 7 strands, 9 strands, and 11 strands. Features of plied wire: It has the characteristics of low price, good toughness, corrosion resistance, not easy to break, easy to use, high tensile strength, etc. It has become one of the most ideal binding wires for people. It is mainly divided into galvanized iron wire and twisted. Advantages of our products: We have superb technology and advanced equipments and are specialized in the production and development of various plied yarns. Due to the careful selection of raw materials and the production line of products, the quality of our products is far ahead in the industry. The tensile strength plating can reach 300-650N/M2, and the plate weight can be from 1KG to 1000KG. Big market. The surface is smooth, soft and not loose strands is a big advantage of our products.

Process: Roll the hot metal billet into a 6.5mm thick steel bar, that is, a wire rod, and then put it into the wire drawing device to draw wires of different diameters, and gradually reduce the diameter of the wire drawing disc for cooling, annealing, and coating. And other processing technology into a variety of different specifications of wire. It contains components: iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, carbon, zinc, and other elements.  Annealed iron wire has good elasticity and flexibility, and its softness and hardness can be controlled during the annealing process. The wire number is mainly 5#-38# (silk warp 0.17-4.5mm). Characteristics: The weaving of annealed wire barbed wire has methods such as first weaving and then plating, first plating and then weaving, etc. The treated barbed wire or steel wire mesh has excellent anti-corrosion and anti- oxidation characteristics, which can be used for construction, petroleum, chemical industry, breeding, and garden protection. , food processing and other occupations reinforcement, protection and insulation. It is softer and more flexible than ordinary black iron wire, with uniform softness and consistent color. Uses: Mainly used in construction, mining, chemical industry, welded wire mesh, welding hanger, reprocessing, etc. After annealing, the iron wire becomes soft and the flexibility increases, and the effect of making building wire and binding steel bars is more effective.

The galvanizing process is to coat the ordinary iron wire we see daily with a layer of zinc to prolong the service life of the iron wire. Iron is very easy to corrode and rust. Zinc is a metal that is not easy to rust. If zinc is plated on the surface of iron through special equipment and processes, it can resist corrosion and is not easy to rust. The stability of zinc Higher than iron, it is not easy to rust in a humid environment. Electro Galvanized Coil Wire is divided into two categories: hot-dip and cold-dip due to different production processes. Iron wire is easy to rust in air, water or soil, or even completely lost. The annual loss due to corrosion accounts for about 1/10 of the entire steel production. In order to make the surface of the fastener have a certain special function and at the same time give its surface a decorative appearance, it is generally treated by electro-galvanized wire. Application range of electro- galvanized wire. The fields involved in electro-galvanized wire are more and more extensive, and the application of fastener products has spread to machinery manufacturing, electronics, precision instruments, chemical industry, transportation, aerospace, etc. It is of great significance in the national economy.

Q890C Q890D S45C AISI 1045 C45 Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Bar All Size Flat Rod square rectangular steel Product Description Brand Name HUIJIAN Technique Hot Rolled Special Use Cold Heading Steel Type Carbon Steel Bar Tolerance ±1% Processing Service Bending, Welding, Cutting, Punching Technique Hot Rolled Surface Black Pickled HL Brushed Polished Shape Carbon Rod Packing Standard Seaworthy Package Payment Term L/C T/T (30% Deposit) Length 1-12m/customized

Features of STAINLESS STEEL COIL 1. Not easily rust, acid resistance and corrosion resistance; 2. Widely used in light industry,heavy industry, daily necessities and the decoration industry; 3. Large and stable supplies, long-term supplies; 4. Prompt delivery, rich exporting experience. Grade 201, 304, 316, 316L, 410, 430, etc Standard JIS, AISI, ASTM, DIN, TUV,BV,SUS,etc Thickness 0.25 - 3mm Width 600mm - 1500mm Length 2000/2438/3048mm Size 1000mm*2000mm, 1219mm*2438mm, 1219mm*3048mm, or as required Color Golden, Black , Sapphire Blue, Brown, Rose gold, Bronze, Purple, gray, silver, Champagne, violet, blue diamond, etc Application Interior/exterior/architectural/bathroom decoration, elevator decoration, hotel decoration, kitchen equipment, ceiling, cabinet, kitchen sink, advertising nameplate Lead time 7 to 25 working days after the receipt of 30% deposit Payment terms 30%TT for deposit, 70% balance before shipment or LC at sight Packing Wooden pallet or according to customer's request

As a premier stainless steel surface designer in China, ASIA Metal Service Company Limited established in 2021, which strives for stainless steel innovation and quality for more than 10 years.So far, we have developed into a large integrated enterprise of stainless steel material’s design, processing. Our core products are stainless steel coils and sheets of 200, 300, 400 series, coil and sheet surface finishing products. The width covers 510-750mm, 1219mm,1240mm,1250mm and 1500mm the thickness between 0.3mm and 3.0mm. The finishes include NO.1, 2D,2E, 2B, 2BB, BA,No.4 dull polish, 8K, mirror ti-gold, rose gold, black ti-gold, vibration, copper, AFP, etc.